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Princeton College during the eighteenth century Volume 3 book. Que serais-je sans toi? Quizzer no. Rockmusik Und Religion German Edition. Safely Home Novel Guide read online. With time, they will become a part of your active vocabulary. The ability to use new words is not as important as your ability to recognize new words and their meanings. Many students use a small notebook for this purpose. When you discover a new word, or group of words, add it to a list of words to be learned. To the right of this list, write synonyms for the new words.
Study the words by covering the synonyms, looking at the new word, and recalling the synonyms. It is also useful to reverse the process so that you practice both the new words and their synonyms. You should learn prefixes, suffixes, and word roots. For a list of them, see Chapter 4. Note a synonym for the word on a card or a word list.
If you fmd a synonym, but still don't know the meaning of the word, look it up in a print or online English language dictionary. For more information about the use of a thesaurus, see Chapter 4. Choose material that is written for college-level readers. The other words give the "context" that allows readers to make an educated guess about the meaning of an unfamiliar word.
Words fit into contexts in two ways. One is purely gramrn. For example, you know that the space between "the" and "student" belongs to an adjective, so you know that "brilliant" fits into that space correctly, while "brilliance," which is a noun, does not. However, we already know that on TOEFL vocabulary questions all of the possible answers fit the grammatical context of the sentence.
Therefore, the degree of success you will have on this part of the TOEFL depends upon whether you understand a word's meaning as well as its form. That in tum depends upon how well you can understand its parts and how well you can read its context for clues to its meaning. In this chapter, you will leam how to determine the meaning of a word by studying its parts.
Many English words consist of more than one part. Let's examine three important parts you should know in order to improve your vocabulary. Leaming these roots will help you to recognize the basic meaning of hundreds of English words. Let's look at the word manufacture. Again, using the list on page 33, we see that bio means "life" and graph "write.
How to Study Word Roots There are several ways to study word roots. One effective way is to make a flash card for each one. On each card write the root and a word containing the root. Also, write the meaning of the root and a synonym for the example word on the back of the card.
As you practice with the cards, first identify the meaning of the root, then the word containing the root. Next, give a synonym for that word. As you study the roots, set aside those you have learned and concentrate only on those roots and synonyms that you have not learned. Save all of the cards for review. Make word lists. When you read English material, make lists of words that contain the roots that you have studied in this section of the book.
Identify the root and look up the word in a thesaurus. A prefix is a part of a word that is attached to the beginning of a word root. A prefix adds meaning to the base word. Thus, if you know the meaning of the prefix, you will be better prepared to determine the meaning of the word. There are many prefixes in English. We can determine from the list of prefIXes that con means "with.
Referring to the root words and prefixes in this chapter we can ascertain that autobiography means "self, life, and write," or the story of a person's life written by that same person. You can approach your study of prefixes with the same method you are using to learn word roots. Make a flash card for each of the prefixes.
On each card write the prefix and a word containing the prefix. Write the meaning of the prefIX and a synonym for the example word on the back of the card. As you practice with the cards, first identify the meaning of the prefIX, then the word containing the root. When you read English material, make lists of words that contain the prefIXes you recognize. Identify the prefix and look up the word in a thesaurus. Write the meaning of the prefIX and a synonym for the word.
Sufflxes The final word part is the suffix. A suffix is added to the end of a word. Similar to a prefIX, a suffIX adds meaning to the root word.
However, the meaning is often grammatical, telling us the tense or the function of the word. Suffixes seldom change the actual meaning of the word in the way that prefixes do.
There are not many questions that test suffIXes on this part of the TOEFL, and you may already know many of them from your grammar study. Nevertheless, you should become familiar with all the English suffIXes in the lists on pages 36 and 3 7. It is a source of valuable information and if it is used correctly, the dictionary will serve as a useful tool to help you toward your goal of English fluency.
There are many types of dictionaries that a student may consider, including collegiate, learner's, unabridged, and bilingual dictionaries. For more advanced students, collegiate or college dictionaries are preferred. Some may also contain geographical listings. Highly recommended are learner's dictionaries. Definitions are written in clear, easy to understand English. They also use a standard phonetic alphabet to indicate the pronunciation of the entries.
These dictionaries are often found in the reference sections of libraries on special tables to accommodate their size and weight. A bilingual dictionary that contains words in your native language and English should be avoided. Often these dictionaries are incomplete and give only basic native language equivalent words. These words are frequently out of date or inappropriate for the context of the sentence in which you want to use the unknown words. Therefore, entries in bilingual dictionaries can be misleading.
In fact, they can actually cause you to make mistakes. You will find that your vocabulary will increase faster by using an English language dictionary. What You Can Learn A dictionary gives you the information required to choose the best word for your needs. A typical dictionary entry contains the correct spelling of a word, followed by the word written in a phonetic alphabet. The word is separated by syllables. This helps you to determine where to separate it at the end of a line.
Following the phonetic spelling of the word, its part of speech is indicated. Therefore, before you choose a definition, you should read all the meanings of the entry, then choose the one that meets your needs.
English language dictionaries contain entries listed in alphabetical order, that is, in an A to Z order. Two guide words appear at the top of each page in a dictionary. The word on the left is the first entry of the two pages; the word on the right indicates the last entry on the two pages.
You can use these guide words to determine if the word you are looking up is contained among those entries on the two pages. The greatest possible quantity or degree. The greatest quantity or degree reached or recorded; the upper limit of variation. The time or period during which the highest point or degree is attained. An upper limit permitted by law or other authority.
The moment when a variable star is most brilliant. The magnitude of the star at such a moment. The greatest value assumed by a function over a given interval.
The largest number in a set. Having or being the greatest quantity or the highest degree that has been or can be attained: maximum temperature. Of, relating to, or making up a maximum: a maximum number in a series.
At the bottom of every page of the dictionary, you will find a pronunciation key that will give you the speech sounds of the symbols. Following the pronunciation, you will find a part of speech label.
According to the labels, these abbreviations mean that the word is a noun and its plural can be formed two ways, by replacing the last syllable mum with mums maximums or ma maxima. The plural forms are followed by the abbreviation of the word, identified by Abbr.
Each definition of the word is marked by a number. In many dictionaries, the order of the definitions reflects the frequency of use of each meaning of the word. The definitions that follow the first definition reflect more specialized uses. Your dictionary will explain the order in which the meanings are presented. Also note that words with specialized definitions in academic disciplines are identified. In the sample entry, there are two specialized uses of the word maximum, one in Astronomy, 3.
After all meanings of the noun form are defmed, the entry continues with the defmition of the adjective form. The last item of the entry gives the derivation, or word origin, inside brackets [ ].
Please note that several styles of usage are normally indicated in a dictionary entry. Its meaning is usually short-lived Vulgar A word that is taboo or not socially acceptable in most circumstances Obsolete A word that is no longer in common usage Archaic A word that was in common usage, but now rarely used Rare Words that have never been common in the language British Words that.
These words are called synonyms. A thesaurus is useful when you must change a word to another word with a similar meaning. For example, one well-known thesaurus contains more than , words and phrases in over 1, categories. Thus, it provides useful information about how words group or combine in the language as well as clues to their meanings and synonyms.
The entries in a thesaurus typically contain the synonyms in most frequent to least frequent occurrence. In a modem thesaurus, guide words also appear at the tops of pages. Their function is the same as that of the guide words in dictionaries, indicating the first and last words of the pages.
All words on the page appear in alphabetical order. Therefore, regular use of a thesaurus will build your vocabulary and help you to prepare for the TOEFL. The abbreviation mod. There are two entries for this word. Following this, syn. At the end of the listing appears the suggestion see best 1. This suggestion refers us to the first entry for the word best if we wish to see more words with meanings related to maximum. The second entry gives the synonyms for the noun form of the word.
The n. This entry also refers the reader to the word climax for additional words related to maximum. At the end of the entry, antonyms, marked with the label ant. The dictionary and thesaurus are two powerful learning tools that you should have for reference. In addition, many publishers offer idiom dictionaries and phrase books that can be useful in learning word combinations commonly used in academic settings.
Instructional material focusing on idioms and phrases is available online at numerous websites catering to ESL and EFL students. When you study such material, be sure to focus on academic vocabulary, not slang. Often, slang will be indicated as such in a dictionary or thesaurus. Some academic words have phrasal equivalents.
A few examples are listed below: Single Word Phrasal Synonym adjust straighten out endanger put in jeopardy clandestine in disguise settle take root vague ill-defmed As a general rule, single words are preferable to phrases in formal academic style when both options are available.
However, the use of phrases is still correct. Hyphens are also used to link word sequences that might otherwise appear ungrammatical.
Following the entries, there are 10 matching exercises. At the end of each lesson, there are 10 TOEFL-like vocabulary questions that contain most of the words presented in each lesson.
You should study the lessons in order. Do not study lessons out of order. The book is designed to provide systematic review of words in previous lessons. By studying the lessons out of order, you will be defeating the review system. Let's examine a sample entry to see the kinds of information you will learn.
I cannot begin to understand all of the intricacies of modem automobile motors. The entry features the word intricate. Directly under the word, you will find other forms of the same word. For each of the forms, the part of speech is given. Other forms of the entry, intricately, and intricacy are listed below the main entry.
The key word is then defined in clear, easy to understand English. In this example, we see that intricate means something having many parts or something that is finely detailed. Under the definition you will find a synonym for the key word.
The synonym is a word that has the same or a similar meaning and it is marked with the letters syn. In the example on page 43, the synonym given for intricate is complex. Below the synonym, there are two sentences that show the usage of two different forms of the word. The sentences are rich in context; that is, the words surrounding the key word tend to support and clarify the meaning of the key word.
Let's look at the two sentences in the example. The intricate design of the vase made it a valuable piece for her collection.
I cannot begin to understand all of the intricacies of modern automobile motors. The key word will usually appear in the first sentence.
The key word sentence is followed by a second sentence illustrating the use of one of the related words, but with a different form of the word. If no related words are given, then the second sentence serves as another illustration of the meaning of the key word. Some word forms are not included in the entries. The word entries provide you with all the information that you need to build a powerful TOEFL vocabulary. Do not study words that you already know.
Read First, read the 15 entries of the lesson carefully, including the definition, different forms, synonym, and example sentences. It is important for you to associate the key word with its meaning and synonym. These are the three most important parts of the word entry. Reread Next, read each word entiy again. Look up unfamiliar words that appear in the example sentences. Then identify the key word. When you are able to identify the key word, reverse the process by identifying the covered synonym.
Finally, cover everything in the entry, except the meaning, and identify the key word and its synonym. Find the Synonyms You are now ready for the matching exercise at the end of the word list. Let's look at a typical matching question. You will see four choices.
In this example, you must choose the synonym for the word intricate. The correct answer is B , complex. Nearly all the words that appear as answer choices are key words introduced in the same and previous lessons. Check your answers by referring to the Answer Key found at the back of this book. Let's look at the following test question.
The intricate design of the building's facade is typical of buildings of the nineteenth century. You must choose the word that has the same or similar meaning as the underlined word in the sentence. Therefore, as we learned in Chapter 2, you will probably not be able to determine the meaning of the word by reading the sentence.
Look for its synonym among the four choices. The correct answer is D , complex. Most of the answer choices for the test questions at the end of each lesson are key words introduced in that lesson.
On one side of the card, write the key word and its related forms. On the other side of the card, write its synonym. For example, if you have six weeks before your test date, plan to study five lessons each week Be sure that you organize your cards.
Keep two groups of cards; one group for the words you have learned, the second group for those words you need to learn. Review the second group more often than the first group of words that you already know. As your vocabulary grows, return to the exercises and test questions in each lesson. Each question contains a short passage that illustrates the use of a vocabulary item in combination with other words that it is often grouped with. For example, densely is a word that appears as a single item in one of these lessons, but it is often combined with the word populated to form the phrase densely populated.
Therefore, densely populated is treated as a whole phrase in one of the phrasal questions in the book. Let's look more closely at the densely populated example. A lot of what you need to know about the word in combination and the meaning of the whole phrase is already available in the passage itself.
In this case, you know that the phrase has something to do with the distribution of people in a particular country: Some live close together in cities, while others live far apart in the countryside. B population is the largest in Europe. C population is the largest per square kilometer.
D cities are the largest cities in Europe. Without going much further, you can probably guess that the best answer here is C since it comes the closest to saying that the country as a whole contains a lot of people without saying that it contains more than any other country in Europe. However, there are other steps you can take just to be sure. You can also take a look at the entry for the target word, in this case densely.
Notice that the word is an adverb. This means that it limits or modifies an adjective and a verb; in this instance, it tells you how heavily populated a particular European country is-how many people it contains per square kilometer. Other word combinations or phrases fall into other categories. For example, some contain verbs followed by prepositions conforms to. In other words, try to use as much information about a word's form or part of speech as you can in arriving at its meaning, and specifically at an understanding of its relationship with the other words around it.
Finally, recall any other instance of the phrase you have heard or seen. These phrases have been chosen because they are commonly used in the language. For that reason, you are likely to come across them in a variety of contexts. Their frequent use is also the reason why understanding these words in combination can give you a deeper and more general understanding of the language as a whole.
Word Combinations in This Book The table beginning below includes the word combinations and phrases highlighted in the book's 30 vocabulary lessons. In the first column on the left, you can see grammatical information about each word combination's part of speech. For example, disapprove ofis described as a verb because it fills that role in an English sentence: Sheila disapproves of students who make a lot of noise.
In the second column, the chapter in which each word combination is found is specified. Finally, an illustrative sentence is given in the third column. Living abroad can be an educational experience. After the incident everyone left abruptly. The registrar accepted more applicants than he should have. Acclaimed authors often win Pulitzer Prizes. The actual time allotted to complete the test is two hours. His indecision adversely affected his job performance.
It is not advisable to stay up late the day before a test. The major attraction of the show was a speech by the president. Although working closely with the government, all businesses function autonomously. He is chronically late to class. The students disapproved of the plan of study.
The storm caused a disruption in bus service. Susan completed the assignment in a haphazard way. Her persistence earned her a spot on the team. The postponement of the meeting upset the impatient club members. The professor questioned the validity of the test results. Gloria had to make a withdrawal from her savings to pay tuition.
A customs union is an organization of autonomous countries that agree that international trade between member states is free of restrictions. They place a tariff or other restriction on products entering the customs union from nonmember states. One of the best-known customs unions is the European Union, or EU. The search to hide natural body odors led to the discovery and use of musk.
Musk is a scent used in perfumes. It is obtained from the sex glands of the male musk deer, a small deer native to the mountainous regions of the Himalayas. The odor of musk, penetrating and persistent, is believed to act as an aphrodisiac. In animals, musk serves the functions of defining territory, providing recognition, and attracting mates.
Until the late ninteenth century all rubber was extracted haphazardly from trees found in the jungles of South America.
It was expensive and the supply was uncertain. However, during the s the idea of transporting rubber trees to the British colonies in Asia was conceived. This led to the larger-scale cultivation of rubber trees on organized plantations. Some animals' coloration uses bold, disruptive markings to scare predators. Other animals have color patterns that blend with their surroundings. Such coloration serves for protection, to attract mates, or to distract enemies.
Called cryptic coloration, it uses the animals' living place, habits, and means of defense. Cryptic coloration may blend an animal so well with its envirohment that it is virtually invisible. Cognitive approaches to therapy assume that emotional disorders are the result of irrational beliefs or perceptions.
The mind may interpret an event as scary or calming, happy or sad. The emotionally disordered person may perceive adverse events as personal failures. Cognitive psychotherapies seek to make the patient aware of the irrationality of this perception and to substitute more rational evaluations of such events. Increasingly, authorities are uneasy about teenagers who drive while talking on the telephone.
For many, phone use and driving are perfectly compatible; others are more easily distracted, especially while listening to music. The growing number of accidents associated with phone use also supports this claim.
Many communities now disapprove of these phones so much that they have forbidden anyone of any age to use them while driving. Fans are used to circulate air in rooms and buildings, and for cooling and drying people, materials, or products.
Even though air circulated by a fan is comforting, no fan actually cools the air. Only devices such as air conditioners can affect changes in air temperature. Tornadoes strike in many areas of the world, but nowhere are they as frequent or as devastating as in the United States. A vast "tornado belt" embraces large portions of the Great Plains of the United States and the southeastern portion of the country.
Tornadoes pose the greatest threats to these areas, which are especially vulnerable to abrupt changes in weather conditions. For women in the s, freedom in dress reflected their new freedom to take up careers.
Only a small percentage of women pursued such opportunities, but the revolutionary change affected the types of clothes worn by most warp. For example, trousers became acceptable attire for almost all activities.
This milestone in the fashion world favored more stylish and comfortable clothing instead of more formal modes of dress. The National Film Board of Canada was established in to produce films that reflect Canadian life and thought, and to distribute them both domestically and abroad.
By winning awards from film festivals around the world, it has earned international acclaim for the artistic and technical excellence of its work. He was advantageously born into a rich family. The newspapers announced the advent of the concert season. She moved agilely across the stage. Albeit difficult at times, speaking another language is rewarding.
Through his speeches. San Francisco is celebrated for its multicultural makeup. Circumvention of the freshman math requirement is possible. Moon craters were caused when large asteroids collided with the moon. Cervantes was a contemporary of Shakespeare. The distribution of seeds is very quick with this new machine. The professor gave each student the encouragement that was needed to learn the material.
There's a lot of energy in these batteries. One of the frailties of human beings is laziness. We are living in the heyday of digital communications. Mythology is the study of legends and fables. A squirt of lime juice is the perfect refinement to cola. Over the years, investigators have evaluated the local folklore of areas where sightings of the celebrated Abominable Snowman have been reported.
The same scientists have collected physical evidence, such as footprints, body parts, and photographs, but this evidence remains unconvincing. In the renowned mountaineer Sir Edmund Hillary of New Zealand conducted an investigation of the reports of the creature, but found no evidence of its existence.
Exercises that demand total body involvement improve and maintain fitness. The most effective way to feel more mentally alert and energetic is to engage in aerobic activity at least three times a week for 30 minutes. Such activities may include jogging, running, swimming, dancing, and fast walking. Most people do not appreciate the importance of packaging.
Packages maintain the purity and freshness of their contents and protect them from elements outside. If the contents are harmful, corrosive, or poisonous, the package must also protect the outside environment.
A package must identify its contents, which facilitates distribution of the product. A contemporary issue among psychologists is the activation or cause of emotion, its structure or components, and its functions and consequences. Each of these aspects can be considered from a biosocial view.
Generally, biosocial theory focuses on the neurophysiological aspects of emotions and their roles as organizers of cognition and motivators of action. They found the wilderness in the Hudson River valley appealing. Although these painters studied in Europe, they first achieved a measure of success at home, and chose the common theme of the remoteness and splendor of the American interior. Recent polls suggest that fewer people see an advantage in moving to the city than they used to.
There was a time when cities attracted country dwellers like powerful magnets: cities had more jobs, better schools, more services. Today, people often see pollution, crime, stress, and unemployment where they once saw opportunity. Instead of advantages, they see disadvantages in uprooting their families for the uncertainty of urban life. The growing popularity of television in the s marked an important turning point in the entertainment world.
This development created vast new entertainment choices for people who lived within the signal areas of'IV stations. Later, with the advent of satellite and cable 'IV, almost everyone, regardless of location, was able to experience this entertainment medium. Passerines form the dominant avian group on Earth today.
They are regarded as the most highly evolved of all birds and occur in abundance. Humans have long enjoyed passerines for their songs and their almost infmite variety of colors, patterns, and behavioral traits.
Many passerines are considered to be quite agile. Among the most energetic of them is the swallow, whose small body is designed for effortless maneuvering. In part because seafood tends to spoil rapidly, in certain areas of the United States, shrimping is allowed only during specific predetermined seasons.
For-example, in Mississippi tidal waters, shrimping is allowed only between October and May. In the past, this short season made it difficult to fmd shrimp out of season. However, the development of freezing techniques in the s encouraged the shrimping industry to expand, making it a global industry.
The United States now imports shrimp from over sixty countries and shrimp can be bought at any time of the year. Scientific disciplines, such as genetic engineering, are exploding with possibilities. As a result of new technologies and procedures to treat health conditions, new treatments for many diseases have been developed. Although the development of advanced methods will continue to change the face of healthcare, moral beliefs often collide with scientific advancements, slowing down the progress of some healthcare treatments.
Gloria hasn't altered her plans to return to school. Analysis of the substance confmns the presence of nitrogen. Dave found an ancient Roman coin. She annoyed her parents by coming home late. They planned their vacation with anticipation. The jury made a decision based on its ascertainment of the facts.
She has always been a conformist. The discovery of oil was an enrichment for the country. The chess match was played with great intensity. His boss was intolerant of his tardiness. Maintaining roads is an ongoing job. Small space heaters are a potential fire hazard. Her proposal was well accepted. We do not store files not owned by us, or without the permission of the owner.
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